Predatory and Questionable Publishers

Recognizing and avoiding predatory publishing practices

What are questionable (predatory) publishers?

Questionable publishers exploit researchers by charging Article Processing Charges (APCs) without providing proper peer review, editorial oversight, or transparency. Publishing in questionable journals can severely damage your academic reputation. These journals often lack rigorous peer review, meaning your work may not receive the scrutiny it needs to ensure quality. Additionally, these publishers may not be indexed in widespread academic databases, limiting the visibility and impact of your research. Moreover, they often charge hidden or inflated fees that are not disclosed upfront. Ultimately, publishing in these outlets can result in wasted time, financial loss, and diminished academic credibility.

Key characteristics of predatory journals

Unclear or absent peer review. Predatory journals may have unclear or absent peer review processes. If they do provide peer review, the process is usually unrealistically fast. Sometimes, questionable publishers might even guarantee the acceptance of articles upon payment of fees.
Lack of transparency. Predatory journals often lack transparency. This is usually shown by hidden fees and undisclosed Article Processing Charges (APCs). Moreover, on their websites you might find no editorial boards, or fake contact information.
Deceptive indexing and metrics. Some questionable journals also make deceptive claims about their indexing in reputable databases like Scopus, Web of Science or OpenAlex, or use fake impact metrics.
Spam invitations. A widespread practice of predatory journals is sending spam invitations to authors. Many send spam invitations to write in special issues, but also unsolicited emails inviting you to submit articles or join editorial boards without any prior relationship.

How to verify a journal or publisher

To verify the credibility of a journal, start by checking trusted directories like the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and using the Think. Check. Submit. checklist. Double check that the journal is indexed in reputable databases such as OpenAlex, Scopus, PubMed, or Web of Science, and be cautious of false claims. Investigate the editorial board to confirm the members are experts in the field and that the journal follows a transparent peer review process. Finally, if unsure, seek guidance from your university’s Open Access team.

Tools and resources

Avoid questionable publishers to ensure your work remains credible, visible, and impactful. If you are unsure, reach out to your institution’s library or Open Access team for support.

UKB Guide on Predatory Publishing

A thorough guide on how to recognize predatory publishing practices and how to avoid them

Think. Check. Submit.

A checklist which includes a step-by-step guidance to evaluate journals

Directory of Open Access Journals

The DOAJ lists only reputable journals that do not employ predatory practices.